Florida Medical Malpractice
§ 766.102
The statute that defines the law
30-second eligibility check

Three questions tell you whether to keep reading.

Step 1 of 3
Screening tool only, not legal advice. Past results do not guarantee a similar outcome in your case. Confidential
§ 01
The definition

What counts as malpractice in Florida.

Under Florida § 766.102, malpractice exists when a Florida-licensed provider does what a reasonably prudent provider in their specialty would not have done, or fails to do what one would have done, and that failure injures the patient. A bad outcome on its own is not malpractice. Medicine has known risks; complications occur even when the standard of care is met perfectly.

Why this matters

This is the only place on this site where § 766.102 is fully defined. Every other practice-area page assumes you’ve either read this section or talked to us. The law is the lens through which every claim gets judged.

§ 02 · The four elements

What you must prove.

Every malpractice claim in Florida, birth injury or pharmacy error, surgical mistake or missed diagnosis, turns on the same four elements. Lose any one and you lose the case.

01
Duty
A doctor-patient relationship existed.
Once a Florida-licensed provider accepts you as a patient, by examining you, ordering tests, prescribing, or admitting you, they owe you a legal duty to deliver care at the prevailing professional standard. The relationship can be implicit. A radiologist who reads your scan but never meets you still owes you that duty.
02
Breach
They fell below the standard of care.
The standard is what a reasonably prudent provider in the same specialty would have done in the same situation. We prove the breach with a sworn affidavit from a board-certified physician in that specialty. Without that affidavit, Florida § 766.203 prohibits filing, full stop.
03
Causation
The breach caused the harm.
Florida requires that the breach be a substantial contributing factor to the injury, not merely a “but-for” cause. Defense counsel will argue your underlying condition or comorbidities were the real driver. We anticipate that argument with timeline reconstructions and differential-diagnosis testimony.
04
Damages
You suffered measurable harm.
Economic (medical bills, lost wages, future care) plus non-economic (pain, suffering, loss of consortium). Wrongful-death claims are governed by § 768.21 and have their own beneficiary structure. A clear breach with no real damages is not a malpractice case we will accept.
§ 04
The crown jewel

Florida presuit requirements.

Florida is one of a handful of states that requires a sworn pre-suit investigation before a malpractice complaint can be filed. This is the single most important procedural feature of Florida malpractice law, and the one that most general-practice firms get wrong by filing first and finding a doctor later. Cases dismissed for lack of a § 766.203 affidavit cannot be re-filed if the statute of limitations has expired.

§ 766.203
Pre-suit investigation
Before any complaint can be filed, your attorney must conduct a reasonable investigation and obtain a written, sworn opinion from a board-certified physician in the relevant specialty stating there are reasonable grounds to believe the standard of care was breached and caused the injury.
§ 766.106
90-day notice
Once the affidavit is in hand, a Notice of Intent to Initiate Litigation is served on every prospective defendant. From that date, both sides have 90 days to investigate informally, request records, take unsworn statements, exchange information.
§ 766.106(3)
Defense response
At the close of the 90 days, each defendant must respond with one of three positions: (a) reject the claim, (b) admit liability and offer to arbitrate damages, or (c) offer to settle. Silence is treated as a rejection.
§ 766.106(4)
Tolling
The statute of limitations is tolled, paused, during the entire presuit period. The clock restarts only after the 90 days expire and the defendant’s response is received.
The differentiator

We obtain the affidavit before we accept your case, not after. Most firms reverse the order, which is how cases get dismissed when the medicine ultimately doesn’t support the claim.

§ 05 · Deadlines

The clock is already running.

Every Florida malpractice claim has at least three different deadlines stacked on top of each other. Miss any one and the case is over. Records also degrade fast, fetal monitor strips, anesthesia logs, audit trails, most systems retain only 90 days by default.

2 years
Standard SOL
From date of incident, or from when you reasonably should have discovered the harm.
4 years
Statute of repose
Absolute outer limit. After four years, no claim, period, except for fraud or concealment.
Child’s 8th
Birth-injury extension
Claims involving an injured child run until the child turns eight, regardless of when the injury occurred.
7 years
Fraud / concealment
When the provider intentionally concealed the harm, the repose period extends to seven years from incident.
3 years
Sovereign immunity
Claims against state-employed providers (Jackson, county hospitals, VA) require notice within three years under § 768.28(6).
+90 days
Presuit tolling
The SOL is paused during the § 766.106 presuit period, but only if presuit notice was actually served before the SOL ran.
§ 06 · Florida damages caps

Florida damages caps.

Caps may apply only in voluntary arbitration ($250,000 per claimant under § 766.207, and only if the defendant agrees to arbitrate). No general non-economic cap is currently enforceable in Florida medical malpractice. A new statutory cap in the $200,000 to $300,000 range is being litigated but has not been decided. We argue the cap question on every case.

Current as of April 2026. Florida malpractice damages caps are actively litigated, and Florida Supreme Court rulings change this analysis. We confirm the current state of the law on every case at intake.

Arbitration only
Non-economic damages
  • ×Pain and suffering
  • ×Mental anguish
  • ×Loss of consortium
  • ×Loss of enjoyment of life

Capped at $250,000 per claimant only if the defendant agrees to voluntary arbitration under § 766.207. Otherwise no general cap is currently enforceable.

Uncapped
Economic damages
  • +Lifetime medical care
  • +Past and future lost wages
  • +Future life-care plan costs
  • +Home modifications, equipment
  • +Out-of-pocket medical expenses
What is uncapped

Economic damages are uncapped: lifetime medical care, lost earnings, future care needs, and the value of services the patient provided their family (childcare, household support, caregiving). On a catastrophic case, the economic recovery is almost always the larger figure.

Tool
Run the damages estimator on your facts →
§ 07
How cases get valued

The math behind the number.

A malpractice recovery is built bottom-up, not negotiated top-down. A board-certified life-care planner projects what the injured patient will need over a lifetime, an economist reduces those future costs to present value, and a vocational expert calculates lost earning capacity. Non-economic damages are added on top of that economic spine.

Component 01
Life-care plan
Projects 50+ years of medical needs at present value.
Component 02
Lost earnings
Vocational expert + economist build the wage trajectory.
Component 03
Past damages
Documented bills, lost wages, out-of-pocket expenses.
§ 08 · Hospital systems

Who we sue.

The private health systems we most often see across the table. Each runs a different defense playbook, and which one is opposing changes the case from day one. We do not accept cases against VA, military, county, or public hospital districts due to federal sovereign immunity and § 768.28 statutory caps.

Orlando Health
08.01
Central Florida · Private
Private health system. Familiar with their incident-report and EHR retention protocols. Litigation requires early evidence preservation and targeted discovery on staffing and credentialing records.
HCA Florida
08.02
Statewide for-profit chain
Largest Florida system. We have litigated against multiple HCA facilities; defense pattern is aggressive comparative-fault and motion practice.
AdventHealth
08.03
Central and West Florida
Faith-based nonprofit. Records production is generally clean; their defense bench is in-house and well-resourced.
Mount Sinai Miami Beach
08.04
Miami-Dade · Private
Private nonprofit teaching hospital. Cases turn on resident-vs-attending oversight records and supervision protocols documented in the EHR.
Baptist Health
08.05
South Florida
Largest South Florida nonprofit. Internal peer-review records are heavily protected; targeted discovery is essential.
Cleveland Clinic Florida
08.06
Weston
Branch of the Ohio system. Out-of-state corporate defense; expert-witness recruitment is a key early task.
§ 09 · Case timeline

From call to verdict.

Most accepted cases resolve in 18 to 36 months. Some run shorter (admitted-liability matters), some run longer (contested birth-injury claims with multiple defendants). The arc is consistent.

T+0
You call
Free 15-minute call. We listen, take notes, and decide whether the facts warrant pulling records.
T+7
Records pulled
HIPAA retrieval, litigation hold sent to all defendants, electronic audit logs preserved.
T+30
MD review
Board-certified specialist reads the chart. If the medicine supports the claim, the § 766.203 affidavit is signed.
T+90
Presuit notice
§ 766.106 notice served on every defendant. The 90-day investigation window opens for both sides.
T+180
Lawsuit filed
If no resolution during presuit, the complaint is filed in the appropriate Florida circuit court.
T+540
Discovery & mediation
Depositions, expert reports, mandatory mediation. ~70% of accepted cases resolve here.
T+900
Trial
For the cases that don’t settle. Most malpractice trials run two to four weeks before a Florida jury.
§ 10 · Meet your attorney

32 years. One question.

When a hospital harms someone you love, the people who know what happened stop talking. Charts get amended. Nurses leave the unit. The hospital’s lawyers move first. For 32 years, Percy Martinez has been the lawyer Florida families call to get the records, the witnesses, and the answers the hospital does not want them to have.

That’s why we accept an estimated 1 in 10 inquiries. Florida § 766.203 requires a sworn physician affidavit before any malpractice case can proceed. We get one before we file, not after. If the medicine doesn’t support the claim, we tell you straight. If it does, we go to war for you.

Percy Martinez giving an interview on Fox News
On Fox News
National Coverage · 32 Years Trial Experience
Percy Martinez
Florida Bar #981990 · Admitted 1993
32 yrs
Florida courtrooms
Med-mal
Only practice area
1 of 10
Cases we accept
§ 11 · Costs and fees

No fee unless we win.

We work on contingency. We front every cost, expert witnesses, depositions, court reporters, trial preparation. If we don’t recover, you owe us zero.

33⅓%
Pre-suit recovery
Cases that resolve during the § 766.106 90-day presuit window, before a complaint is filed in court.
40%
Post-filing recovery
Cases that resolve after the lawsuit is filed, through discovery, mediation, or trial.
$75K, $250K
Costs we front
Expert witnesses, depositions, court reporters, trial graphics. You pay nothing out of pocket.
$0
If we lose
No recovery, no fee, no costs owed. The risk is ours.
§ 12 · Frequently asked questions

Eighteen of the questions we hear most.

Specialty-specific questions live on each spoke page. These cover the law, the procedure, and the economics across all eight categories.

Ask your own question →
01What is medical malpractice under Florida law?

Florida § 766.102 defines medical malpractice as a breach of the prevailing professional standard of care by a health-care provider that causes injury to a patient. The “prevailing professional standard” is what a reasonably prudent similar provider would have done under similar circumstances. A bad outcome alone is not malpractice, there must be a breach.

02How do I know if I have a case?

You don’t. That’s our job. The threshold question is whether a board-certified physician in the relevant specialty will sign a sworn § 766.203 affidavit attesting that the standard of care was breached and caused the harm. Of the inquiries we receive, an estimated one in ten clears that bar. Tell us what happened and we’ll find out.

03How much does it cost to hire you?

Nothing upfront. We work on contingency: 33⅓% of recovery before a lawsuit is filed, 40% after. If we don’t recover, you owe us zero.

We front the full cost of expert witnesses, depositions, court reporters, and trial preparation, typically $75,000 to $250,000 on a complex case.

04How long do I have to file a malpractice claim in Florida?

Two years from the date of incident or from when you reasonably should have discovered the harm, whichever is later. The absolute statute of repose is four years.

Birth-injury claims involving a child extend to the child’s eighth birthday. Sovereign-immunity claims against state-employed providers require notice within three years under § 768.28(6).

05What are the damages caps in Florida medical malpractice?

Caps may apply only in voluntary arbitration ($250,000 per claimant under § 766.207, and only if the defendant agrees to arbitrate). No general non-economic cap is currently enforceable in Florida medical malpractice.

A new statutory cap in the $200,000 to $300,000 range is being litigated but has not been decided. Economic damages, lifetime medical care, lost earnings, future care needs, and the value of services the patient provided their family, are uncapped. We argue the cap question on every case.

06What is the §766.203 affidavit and why does it matter?

Section 766.203 of the Florida statutes requires that, before any malpractice case can be filed, a board-certified physician in the relevant specialty must sign a sworn affidavit stating there are reasonable grounds to believe the standard of care was breached. We obtain the affidavit before we file, not after. Most firms file first and find a doctor later, that’s how cases get dismissed.

07What happens during the 90-day presuit window?

After § 766.106 notice is served, both sides have 90 days to investigate informally. The defendants must respond with one of three positions: rejection, offer to admit liability and arbitrate damages, or offer to settle.

Most cases that resolve quickly resolve in this window. The clock on the statute of limitations is tolled during presuit.

08Do you handle cases against public, VA, or military hospitals?

No. Public hospital districts, the VA, military hospitals, and county facilities are protected by sovereign immunity. Federal sovereign immunity governs VA and military cases; Florida § 768.28 caps damages against state and local public defendants at $200,000 per claimant absent a legislative claims bill.

The economics do not work for the catastrophic cases we accept. If your case is against a public defendant, we will tell you on the first call and refer you to a firm that handles them.

09Will my case go to trial?

Probably not. Most cases settle during discovery or mediation, and that is the goal: maximize value, then resolve.

What drives settlement value up is the firm’s willingness to take cases to verdict, paired with the § 766.203 pre-acceptance physician screening. Across the Florida medical malpractice cases this firm accepted and resolved between 2015 and 2026, we have obtained a recovery for every client we represented. Past results do not guarantee a similar outcome in your case.

10What records do I need before I call you?

None. We obtain records under HIPAA, even if you have nothing in hand. If you do have records, photographs, voicemails from the provider, or insurance correspondence, bring them, but don’t delay calling because you’re still gathering paperwork.

11Can I sue a doctor for a bad outcome that wasn’t their fault?

No. Medicine has known complications and bad outcomes happen even when the standard of care is met. That’s why the four elements exist: duty, breach, causation, damages.

Without breach, there is no case, regardless of how devastating the outcome.

12What if I signed an informed-consent form?

Informed consent waives only the known, disclosed risks of a procedure performed correctly. It does not waive your right to sue if the provider performed below the standard of care. A consent form is rarely a complete defense.

13Do you handle cases involving AI-driven diagnostic tools?

Yes. We accept these cases when the facts support them. The legal theory is traditional malpractice against the physician (their reliance on a model output as a deviation from the standard of care) and, where appropriate, a product-liability theory against the AI vendor. The work turns on audit logs, override records, and timing.

14What is wrongful death in the medical context?

A wrongful-death malpractice claim under § 768.21 is brought by the estate on behalf of statutory survivors, typically spouse, children, parents. The damages framework differs from a personal-injury claim: lost support and services, loss of companionship, and the survivors’ mental pain and suffering.

15Will you talk to me even if I’m not sure I have a case?

Yes. The first call is free, confidential, and unhurried. Most callers don’t know whether they have a case, that’s what the call is for. We’ll either tell you we want to pull records, or we’ll tell you why we don’t think it’s a malpractice claim and route you to the right kind of help.

16Do you only handle catastrophic-injury malpractice?

Yes. The economics of malpractice litigation in Florida, expert costs, multi-year timelines, make smaller cases unworkable for any firm willing to be honest about it. We accept cases involving permanent disability, major lifetime-care needs, or wrongful death.

17How does Florida compare to other states for malpractice?

Harder. Florida’s presuit requirements, the 2025 cap, sovereign-immunity rules, and a defense bar funded by some of the largest hospital systems in the country make Florida one of the more challenging states to bring a malpractice claim. That’s why specialization matters.

18What languages do you practice in?

English and Spanish. Our intake team is fully bilingual; trial work can be conducted in either language with a court interpreter when needed. Hablamos español.

Free · Confidential · No fee unless we win

Tell us what happened.

A 15-minute call with our intake attorney. We’ll review the records and tell you candidly whether, and how, to move forward.

Or call (800) 382-3176